Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors linked to overweight and obesity that increase your chance for heart disease and other health problems such as diabetes and stroke. The term “metabolic” refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning. Risk factors are behaviors or conditions that increase your chance of getting a disease.

Sindrom metabolik adalah nama untuk sekelompok faktor risiko terkait dengan kelebihan berat badan, obesitas, peningkatan kadar gula darah puasa, obesitas abdominal, kolesterol tinggi, dan peningkatan tekanan darah yang yang meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadi penyakit jantung dan masalah kesehatan lainnya seperti diabetes dan stroke. Istilah metabolik merujuk kepada proses biokimia yang terlibat dalam fungsi tubuh normal.

Download Powerpoint [.Ppt]

Defisiensi Vitamin B1

Defisiensi vitamin B1 (Thiamin) adalah suatu sindrom yang muncul sebagai hasil dari suatu keparahan, kekurangan thiamin yang berkepanjangan pada makanan. Ini dapat terjadi saat diet hanya terdiri dari beras putih yang digiling, beras yang terlalu bersih dicuci, dan tepung terigu atau gandum. Defisiensi thiamin yang terjadi selama rentang waktu 2-3 bulan dapat menyebabkan berbagai gangguan hingga kematian.

Vitamin B1 atau thiamin merupakan jenis vitamin yang banyak terdapat pada bahan makanan sehari-hari. Selama proses penyerapan yang terjadi di usus, thiamin mengalami phosporilasi untuk menghasilkan thiamin pirophospat yang merupakan bentuk aktif dari vitamin B1.

Beberapa penyakit akan muncul seiring dengan menurunnya fungsi normal thiamin pada tubuh manusia yang mengalami defisiensi thiamin.


Download Powerpoint [.Ppt]

Posisi Tidur yang Baik untuk Kesehatan

Kebiasaan tidur ternyata dapat mempengaruhi kecantikan dan kesehatan wajah. Untuk menjaga tubuh tetap bugar saat bangun tidur sebaiknya mulailah untuk merubah kebiasaan posisi tidur anda.

Mulailah untuk tidur dengan posisi telentang lurus dan gunakan bantal yang tidak terlalu tinggi. Posisi tidur ini dianggap paling sempurna karena badan berada dalam posisi rileks. Tubuh anda juga tidak melengkung sehingga dapat mengganggu jantung dan sirkulasi darah.


Posisi tidur miring sebenarnya tidak buruk tetapi sebaiknya jangan terus menerus dalam kondisi itu. Posisi miring yang baik adalah miring ke kanan karena dianggap oleh para dokter posisi ini tidak menekan aliran pada jantung anda.

Posisi tengkurap merupakan posisi yang paling buruk. Karena bisa menekan lengkungan tulang punggung yang menyebabkan otot tetap tegang selama tidur. Selain itu tengkurap bisa membuat wajah anda sembab dan mata merah karena dada dan jantung tertekan.

Sebaiknya hindari tidur yang menantang lampu karena akan membuat wajah mengerut saat anda tidur pulas. Jangan lupa tanggalkan perhiasan dan pakaian dalam saat tidur, agar darah bisa bersirkulasi baik dan membuat anda tidur semakin nyenyak.

Mengenal Cacar Air pada Anak

cacar air dapat menyerang anak-anak maupun dewasa. walaupun tidak berbahaya, cacar air bisa menjadi parah akibat infeksi bakteri

Tips:
1. jika terlihat bintik merah atau lepuhan yang mulai dari bagian tengah badan lalu menjalar ke samping badan, didahului oleh gejala lemas, demam, disertai nafsu makan menurun, dan ada kontak dengan penderita cacar air sekitar 1 minggu sebelumnya, pikirkan kemungkinan terkena cacar air.

2. tetap mandi seperti biasa dengan air yang bersih, karena kuman yang berada pada kulit akan dapat menginfeksi kulit yang sedang terkena cacar air. keringkan tubuh sesudah mandi, usahakan tidak menggosok terlalu keras.

3. untuk menghindari bekas luka yang sulit hilang, usahakan untuk menghindari pecahnya lenting cacar air

4. pastikan selalu hidup di lingkungan yang bersih, dengan pola hidup yang sehat dan pola makan gizi seimbang untuk mempercepat proses penyembuhan penyakit. konsumsi buah-buahan yang mengandung vitamin C, seperti jambu biji dan tomat sangat dianjurkan.

5. jangan lupa untuk memberikan vaksinasi anti cacar untuk anak, yang dapat dilakukan pada usia mulai satu tahun ke atas

karena cacar air pada umumnya ringan dan sembuh dengan sendirinya, penanganan cacar air terutama ditujukan untuk meringankan gejala. yang dapat dilakukan adalah istirahat secukupnya.

- minum paracetamol untuk menurunkan demam
- mandi dengan air suam-suam kuku dan taburkan bedak di seluruh badan untuk meringankan rasa gatal
- mandi setiap hari dan cuci pakaian samapai bersih
- gunakan sarung tangan untuk mencegah anak menggaruk ruam atau usahakan kuku tetap pendek dan tidak tajam
- makan makanan yang lembut dan menyejukkan jika ada ruam di dalam mulut

Sumber:Kartika Kencana

DEFISIENSI BESI

Pendahuluan

Defisiensi besi adalah kekurangan besi dalam tubuh karena kosongnya cadangan besi yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Beberapa faktor yang berperan diantaranya kehilangan besi sebagai akibat pendarahan, kurangnya asupan akibat taraf sosial ekonomi, kebutuhan yang meningkat seperti pada wanita hamil, serta gangguan penyerapan besi di dalam tubuh akibat kesalahan kombinasi jenis asupan.


Setiap hari tubuh membutuhkan 20-25 mg besi untuk eritropoesis dimana 95% besi berasal dari perputaran daur eritrosit dan katabolisme hemoglobin. Sehingga hanya sekitar 1 mg besi setiap hari (5% dari daur eritrosit) yang dibutuhkan dari luar tubuh baik yang berasal dari protein hewani (besi heme) ataupun dari tumbuh-tumbuhan (besi nonheme). Kebutuhan ini dapat berbeda karena faktor usia dan jenis kelamin.


Jika kebutuhan besi tiap harinya dipenuhi, maka besi sebagai mikronutrien dan trace element dalam tubuh dapat menjalankan fungsi untuk mensintesis hemoglobin, mioglobin, dan beberapa enzim seperti sitokrom di dalam tubuh manusia. Apabila kebutuhan besi dalam tubuh tidak tercukupi dan tidak segera diatasi, maka manifestasi klinis yang paling awal dan sering terjadi adalah Anemia Defisiensi Besi (ADB). Jenis anemia karena penyakit kronis ataupun Ressless Leg Syndrome (RLS) juga dilaporkan, namun patofisiologinya tidak diketahui dengan jelas


ADB paling sering terjadi di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Hal ini terkait dengan taraf ekonomi yang relative rendah, kurangnya asupan protein hewani, dan investasi parasit pada daerah endemik. Prevalensi ADB pada laki-laki 16-50%, 25-84% pada wanita tak hamil, 46-92% pada wanita hamil yang relatif rendah pada trimester I dan kemudian meningkat pada trimester II. Sekitar 50% ADB pada wanita hamil terjadi setelah kehamilan 25 minggu. Terdapat penelitian yang melaporkan sejumlah 24% dari penderita ADB menunjukkan gejala RLS.


Oleh karena tingginya insiden defisiensi besi di Indonesia, di bab selanjutnya akan dibahas mengenai patofisiologi, gambaran klinis, penilaian secara nutrisional, cara mendiagnosis serta manajemen untuk mengurangi angka insiden serta menurunkan mortalitas dan morbiditas akibat defisiensi besi.


Download complete file [Doc]
Download Powerpoint [Ppt]

Related Reference:

1. Earley CJ.Restless Legs Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2103-9.

The Problem of Underweight

Definition
Extremes in underweigth, just as in overweigth, bring or accompany serious health problems. It is estimated that somewhat less than 10% of persons have trouble graining and maintaining weight. Some seem to lack control over how much they eat at a meal and reach a full feeling with less food than do persons of normal weight. Underweight may be assosiated with poverty, poor living, conditions, or long-term disease. Elderly persons experiencing changes in appetite are at risk of underweight.

A normal, healthy Body Mass Index ranges from 18.5 to 22.9. Anything lower than 18.5 is underweight.


Causes
In general, underweight is assosiated with conditions that cause basic malnutrition, such as:

* wasting disease
* poor food intake
* malabsorption
* hormonal imbalance
* energy imbalance
* poor living situation


Nutritional Care
the dietary goal, according to each person's tolerance, is to increase energy and nutrient intake in a diet that is :

* high in kcalories, at least 50% above standard needs
* high in protein, to rebuild tissue
* high in carbohidrate, to provide a primary energy source in easily digested form
* moderate in fat, to add kcalories but not exceed toleration limits
* optimum in vitamins and minerals

Good food of wide variety, well prepared and seasoned, and attractively presented helps revive lagging appetites and increases the desire to eat. Frequent, small nourishing meals and snacks spread through the day, including favorite foods, stimulate interest in eating and increase the optimal use of foods and their nutrients. To achieve the desired increase in kcalories, use food seasoning (such as margarine or butter, sauces, and dressings) and liquid nutritional supplements to add kcalories and key nutrients. In some extreme cases, tube feeding or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be necessary.

Know more about Green tea

by bradboom123


Consumers should know that green tea is a such kind of tea prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis undergoing minimal oxidation during processing. 

Green tea is originated from China and now prevalent in many cultures like Asia, Japan and Middle East. Recently, it has shown widespread in the West world where people consuming black tea mostly . Now many varieties of green tea's production is happening in such countries basically where it is grown. But these varieties changes in taste because of variability in growing conditions, processing and harvesting periods.

Over the last few decades green tea has been tested both on scientific and medical studies to know whether providing longer period health benefits or not. Some evidence indicating that continous green tea drinkers have low chances of heart disease and developing any type of cancer. Green tea is also been known as useful for "weight loss management" in regular life . Junshan Yinzhen is also famous as one of the ten most famous Chinese Teas , known as the variety of White Tea across the globe.

Green tea in Japan is commonly called as "tea" in these coutries. Mostly people there called as "Japanese tea" . Conusmers shuold know that green tea do has caffeine in them . Normally green tea contains more caffeine than coffee. Especially the way it is processed and also leaves getting reused avoiding the caffeine intake. The more these green tea leaves keep brewing the low amount of caffeine consumer will find while consuming them. But if the green tea is brewed only once then the caffeine amount will be nearly 32mg. So consumers can read more about green tea in order to have benefits especially related to health issues in the public

Top 10 Tips on Stopping Smoking

1. Start with some pre-preparation by ensuring that you really do want to quit smoking cigarettes and understanding why you smoke.Write down your reasons for quitting. You may want to take a look at some of the benefits of quitting.

2. Set yourself a date for quitting. Try and choose a date that will be stress free but when you can find plenty to do to keep yourself busy. Try and set a date within about two weeks of reading this.

3. Ask your doctor for advice. This is especially important if you have health problems or are concerned about issues such as weight gain.

4. Consider finding yourself a quitting partner relatives, work colleagues and friends are a good place to start. Set a date to quit together and you will be able to give each other support.

5. Tell your family and friends about your intentions. Ask them for their support before you quit and explain that you may not be yourself while experiencing withdrawal. When you reach your quitting date rely on those that have been most encouraging for support.

6. Think about starting an exercise program and a sensible eating plan. Again speak to your doctor or dietician. Exercise will give you more energy and help you to relax and relieve stress.

7. You should know what triggers your desire for a cigarette, such as stress, the end of a meal, drinking in a bar, etc. Avoid these triggers while you are trying to quit or if that's not possible, decide how you will deal with the triggers.

8. Decide what you will do when you experience cravings. As we've discussed deep breathing, a short walk and keeping you self busy will help to take your mind off the cravings. Perhaps you can think of other ways. Write them down. Remember these cravings will only last for 3-5 minutes at a time.

9. If you have tried quitting before maybe you came across a stumbling block which we have discussed such as finding something to do with your hands. If so, you need to arm yourself with a solution to these foreseeable problems. Get yourself a pen, or stress relief aid to fiddle with, if occupying your hands is a problem.

10. Be positive and confident you can quit. You have spent time and energy planning how you will deal with the task ahead by following our tips for giving up smoking. Believe you can and you will do it if you persevere.

Ten of thousands of people are quitting every day around the world. You can be one of them.

Tips for Weight Loss Success

by dr. Jason Davidson

10 minutes of exercise a day
This is not asking a lot. It is only 10 minutes! The reason I say this is because below you will see that I say you need to eat plenty of fiber. This is so you have a bowel movement more often and get rid of that other yucky fecal matter that is left in your body. But to do that you need to get your insides moving around. So either walk for 10 minutes, you some crunches for 10 minutes, or any other sort of exercise. This will also burn off some of those extra calories that you may be eating. If you want to lose fat in a week, then burn those fat cells that are ready to leave your body.

Don't eat as much
I am not saying starve yourself. Instead of eating a full plate of food, eat half a plate. Make sure you get three of these small meals a day. Since you want to lose weight in a week, this should help you burn fat quicker. This will keep her metabolism going and burn off the calories. It only slows your metabolism down if you eat one meal a day.

Eat fiber
Whether you eat more fiber or take a fiber supplement, this will make you get rid of all that extra fecal matter that's inside your body. It is said that your body can hold over 10 the 20 pounds of fecal matter. Get rid of it by eating more fiber. Getting rid of the extra fecal matter will allow you to lose weight in a week.

Drink plenty of water
Drink plenty of water. Most people do not even get six glasses a day. Your body holds an extra 5 pounds of water if it realizes that you are not drinking enough. This is because it uses this in emergency situations. Just try not to over drink either. Water will also get you to have more bowel movements just like eating fiber. This should definitely get you to lose some weight in a week.

Get a Good Study Guide
Losing weight is more than just taking a walk or eating a little less. There is a lot of information that you will absolutely need to know if you are going to succeed in losing weight. The best thing to do is to learn it from someone who's been there.
Remember, weight loss is not easy. So why go into losing weight unprepared? Not being prepared could waste you months of never losing any weight. So get prepared. Make sure to do your research and get started, and you'll have no problem getting rid of your extra weight.

How To Understand Alzheimers Better

by Kenneth Shannon

To understand Alzheimers more, we need to look at and understand dementia. Dementia is a mental disorder characterized by the loss of cognitive abilities. It is an extremely debilitating disease that afflicts some individuals in their old age. Alzheimers information shows that Alzheimers disease is the most common form of this disorder that greatly impairs normal mental operations. There is no certain prevention or cure for Alzheimers disease right now but continuous studies and tests are being made toward this endeavor because according to Alzheimers information, this disease is irreversible. The disease also continues to progress into different stages and symptoms of this worsen over time.

One of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimers is short term memory loss. It then progresses into a gradual decline of other cognitive abilities. After the disease has progressed further, one may notice a marked change in the sufferer's behavior and at the very last stages of the disease, the individual with Alzheimers will have to depend on others for simple activities such as eating and mobility.

Alzheimers information tells us that the course of the disease varies from person to person with a range of five to twenty years. Alzheimers eventually ends in death due to complications and infections.

Although more and more Alzheimers information has been collated and researched throughout the years, the progress has been steady but slow. For instance, the Alzheimers information on what causes the disease is still uncertain. There are some major hypotheses that seem to revolve around two factors: genetic or hereditary and a complex environmental interaction.

Alzheimers information shows us that it is primarily a disease that affects the brain. It is in the abnormalities in the brain that result in massive atrophy of the brain's neurotransmitters, nerves and neurons. From these stem the malfunctions that begin with short term memory loss to sever impairment to memory and the loss of motor skills and other normal bodily functions.

An abnormally large deposit of protein in the brain causes the massive atrophy. The absolute detection of Alzheimers can only really be done post mortem through an autopsy where the brain is examined and it shows a significant amount of shrinkage and a smoothening of the usual brain wrinkles.

However, one need not wait for an autopsy to find out whether one is suffering from Alzheimers disease or not. With modern Alzheimers information, one can have an 85 % to 90% accuracy in the diagnosis of the disease. No laboratory tests are done. Instead, there will be some cognitive tests and with a series of exercises and questions that are crossed checked against other possible sources of dementia. These mental tests done to be able to diagnose Alzheimers help also by letting the physician know at which stage of progression the sufferer may be at.

Individuals with the age of 65 and above are most likely to be at risk of Alzheimers